Suspended chord
Introduction
A suspended chord is a musical chord in which the third is omitted, replaced by either a perfect fourth or a major second. This alteration creates a sense of tension or suspension that seeks resolution, often to a major or minor chord. Suspended chords are commonly used in various musical genres, including rock, jazz, and classical compositions, to add harmonic interest and dynamic movement.
Structure and Notation
Suspended chords are typically notated as "sus" chords. The most common types are the suspended second (sus2) and the suspended fourth (sus4). In a sus2 chord, the third is replaced by a major second, while in a sus4 chord, the third is replaced by a perfect fourth. For example, a Csus2 chord consists of the notes C, D, and G, whereas a Csus4 chord consists of C, F, and G.
Construction
The construction of suspended chords involves the following steps: 1. **Root Note**: Begin with the root note of the chord. 2. **Suspension**: Replace the third with either a major second or a perfect fourth. 3. **Fifth**: Retain the perfect fifth to complete the chord.
This structure results in a chord that lacks the tonal clarity provided by the third, creating a sense of ambiguity and anticipation.
Harmonic Function
Suspended chords serve a unique harmonic function by creating tension that seeks resolution. This tension is due to the absence of the third, which typically defines whether a chord is major or minor. The resolution often occurs when the suspended note (second or fourth) resolves to the third, providing a sense of completion.
Use in Cadences
In cadential progressions, suspended chords are frequently used to delay the resolution to the tonic chord. For example, a Gsus4 chord resolving to a G major chord creates a satisfying conclusion in a musical phrase. This technique is prevalent in classical cadences and modern pop ballads.
Historical Context
The use of suspended chords can be traced back to the Baroque period, where composers like Bach employed suspensions to enhance the emotional impact of their compositions. Over time, the use of suspended chords evolved, becoming a staple in various musical genres.
Evolution in Popular Music
In the 20th century, suspended chords became a hallmark of rock and folk genres. Artists like The Beatles and Led Zeppelin utilized suspended chords to add depth and complexity to their music. The iconic opening of "Pinball Wizard" by The Who features a prominent use of suspended chords.
Practical Applications
Musicians often use suspended chords to add variety and interest to chord progressions. They are particularly effective in creating intros, bridges, and outros in songs. Guitarists frequently employ open-string voicings of suspended chords, which are easy to play and resonate well.
Compositional Techniques
Suspended chords can be used in various ways to enhance compositions: - **Pedal Points**: Maintaining a suspended chord over a changing bass note can create a pedal point, adding tension and movement. - **Arpeggiation**: Arpeggiating suspended chords can highlight their unique sound and create a shimmering effect in a piece. - **Layering**: Layering suspended chords with other harmonic elements can enrich the texture of a composition.