Redwing
Introduction
The redwing, scientifically known as Turdus iliacus, is a small passerine bird belonging to the thrush family, Turdidae. It is native to the Palearctic region, which encompasses Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia. The redwing is a migratory species, with many populations breeding in the northern parts of its range and wintering further south. This bird is renowned for its distinctive red underwing, from which it derives its name, and its melodious song.
Taxonomy and Classification
The redwing is classified within the genus Turdus, which includes other thrushes such as the Song Thrush (Turdus philomelos) and the Blackbird (Turdus merula). The genus Turdus is part of the family Turdidae, which is characterized by medium-sized passerines with robust bodies and melodious vocalizations. The redwing was first described by Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the 10th edition of his Systema Naturae.
There are two recognized subspecies of the redwing:
- Turdus iliacus iliacus: The nominate subspecies, found across much of Europe and western Asia.
- Turdus iliacus coburni: Found primarily in Iceland and the Faroe Islands, this subspecies is slightly larger and darker than the nominate form.
Morphology and Identification
The redwing is a relatively small thrush, measuring approximately 20-24 cm in length, with a wingspan of 33-35 cm. It typically weighs between 50 and 75 grams. The bird's plumage is predominantly brown on the upperparts, with a pale, buffy-white underbelly. Its most distinctive feature is the red patch on the flanks and underwing, which is particularly visible in flight. The face is marked by a prominent white supercilium, or "eyebrow," and a dark eye stripe.
Habitat and Distribution
Redwings are adaptable birds that occupy a range of habitats, including woodlands, scrublands, and agricultural areas. During the breeding season, they prefer open forests and woodland edges, often near water sources. In winter, they are more commonly found in open countryside, including fields, hedgerows, and gardens.
The breeding range of the redwing extends from Iceland and the British Isles across Scandinavia and northern Europe to western Siberia. In winter, they migrate southwards to southern Europe, North Africa, and parts of the Middle East. Some populations, particularly those in Iceland, are partially migratory, with some individuals remaining in their breeding territories year-round.
Behavior and Ecology
Feeding Habits
Redwings are omnivorous, with a diet that varies seasonally. During the breeding season, they primarily consume invertebrates such as earthworms, beetles, and caterpillars. In autumn and winter, their diet shifts to include a greater proportion of berries and fruits, such as rowan, hawthorn, and holly. They forage both on the ground and in trees, often in mixed-species flocks with other thrushes.
Breeding and Reproduction
The breeding season for redwings typically begins in late April or early May. They are monogamous, with pairs forming at the start of the breeding season. The female builds a cup-shaped nest, usually in a tree or shrub, using grass, moss, and mud. She lays a clutch of 4-6 eggs, which are pale blue with reddish-brown spots. The female incubates the eggs for about 12-14 days, while the male provides food.
Once hatched, the chicks are altricial, meaning they are born blind and helpless. Both parents participate in feeding the young, which fledge approximately 12-15 days after hatching. The fledglings remain dependent on their parents for several weeks before becoming fully independent.
Vocalizations
The redwing is known for its rich and varied song, which consists of a series of fluting notes interspersed with trills and whistles. Males sing from prominent perches to establish territories and attract mates. In addition to their song, redwings produce a variety of calls, including a distinctive "tseep" flight call, which is often heard during migration.
Conservation Status
The redwing is currently classified as a species of Least Concern by the IUCN. However, some populations, particularly those in Europe, have experienced declines due to habitat loss and changes in agricultural practices. Conservation efforts are focused on preserving suitable breeding and wintering habitats, as well as monitoring population trends.
Cultural Significance
In various cultures, the redwing is appreciated for its song and is often associated with the arrival of spring. In literature and folklore, the redwing is sometimes depicted as a harbinger of change or a symbol of resilience due to its migratory nature.