Diethyl Ether
Introduction
Diethyl ether, also known as ether and ethoxyethane, is a colorless and highly volatile flammable liquid. It is commonly used as a solvent in laboratories and as a starting fluid for some engines. It was formerly used as a general anesthetic, until non-flammable drugs were developed, such as halothane. It has a pungent, sweetish odor.
History
Diethyl ether was first synthesized in 1540 by Valerius Cordus, who called it "sweet oil of vitriol" (oleum dulcis vitrioli) and noted its medicinal properties. He described the process in his book "Dispensatorium Paracelsi", where he followed the method of Raymundus Lullius, who had described the process in the 14th century. Cordus discovered that the reaction of sulfuric acid (then known as oil of vitriol) with ethanol would produce a sweet-smelling liquid.
Properties
Diethyl ether is a colorless liquid with a characteristic sweet smell. Its density is less than that of water, making it lighter. It is highly volatile and evaporates quickly at room temperature, which can lead to potentially explosive atmospheres if not handled properly. It is also highly flammable, with a flash point of -40 degrees Celsius. It has a boiling point of 34.6 degrees Celsius.
Production
Diethyl ether is produced from ethanol through the process of dehydration. This process involves heating ethanol with a strong acid, such as sulfuric acid, which acts as a dehydrating agent. The reaction produces diethyl ether and water. The diethyl ether is then purified through distillation.
Uses
Diethyl ether has a variety of uses, primarily as a solvent and a starting fluid. In the laboratory, it is commonly used as a solvent for reactions due to its ability to dissolve a wide range of organic compounds. It is also used as a starting fluid for engines, particularly diesel engines, due to its high volatility and ability to ignite at low temperatures.
In the past, diethyl ether was widely used as a general anesthetic. However, its flammability led to its replacement by safer, non-flammable alternatives such as halothane.
Safety
Due to its high volatility and flammability, diethyl ether poses a significant fire and explosion risk. It should be handled in well-ventilated areas away from open flames and sources of ignition. It can also form peroxides upon exposure to air, which can lead to explosive situations if not properly managed.
Ingestion or inhalation of diethyl ether can lead to a variety of health effects, including dizziness, nausea, vomiting, and loss of consciousness. Long-term exposure can lead to serious health problems, including liver and kidney damage.