Remote keyless entry
Overview
Remote keyless entry (RKE) is a technology that allows for the locking and unlocking of vehicles without the need for a traditional mechanical key. This system is commonly found in modern automobiles, but can also be used in buildings and other secure environments. The technology operates through a handheld transmitter, often integrated into a key fob, which sends a radio frequency signal to a receiver in the vehicle or building. This signal is coded with a unique identifier that must match the receiver's code in order for the lock or unlock command to be executed.
History
The concept of remote keyless entry dates back to the early 20th century when inventors began exploring the idea of using radio signals for communication. However, it wasn't until the 1980s that the technology became commercially viable. The first RKE system was introduced by the French car manufacturer Renault for their Fuego model in 1982. This early system was rudimentary compared to today's standards, but it paved the way for the widespread adoption of RKE technology in the automotive industry.
How It Works
The operation of a remote keyless entry system is based on the principle of radio frequency identification (RFID). The key fob, or transmitter, contains a small radio transmitter and a unique identification code. When a button on the fob is pressed, it sends a signal to the receiver in the vehicle or building. This signal includes the unique identification code, which must match the code stored in the receiver for the command to be executed.
The signal sent by the transmitter is usually encrypted to prevent unauthorized access. This encryption can be simple or complex, depending on the level of security required. In most cases, the encryption is strong enough to prevent casual attempts at hacking, but not sophisticated enough to withstand a determined attack.
Types of Remote Keyless Entry Systems
There are two main types of remote keyless entry systems: active and passive.
Active RKE systems require the user to press a button on the key fob to send the unlock or lock command. This is the most common type of RKE system and is found in most vehicles and buildings.
Passive RKE systems, also known as Passive Entry Systems (PES), automatically unlock the vehicle or building when the key fob is within a certain range. This range is usually quite short, often less than a meter, to prevent unauthorized access. Passive RKE systems are becoming increasingly popular in high-end vehicles due to their convenience.
Security Concerns
While remote keyless entry systems offer convenience, they also present potential security risks. The radio signals sent by the key fob can be intercepted and copied by criminals, allowing them to gain unauthorized access to the vehicle or building. This type of attack, known as a relay attack, is becoming increasingly common as the technology to intercept and copy radio signals becomes more accessible.
To combat these security threats, manufacturers are continually improving the encryption used in RKE systems. Some systems now use rolling codes, which change with each use, making it much more difficult for criminals to copy the signal. Other systems use biometric data, such as fingerprints or facial recognition, to provide an additional layer of security.
Future Developments
As technology continues to advance, it is likely that remote keyless entry systems will become more sophisticated and secure. Biometric data is expected to play a larger role in these systems, with manufacturers exploring the use of iris recognition and other advanced identification methods. Additionally, the integration of RKE systems with smartphones and other smart devices is expected to increase, providing users with even more convenience and flexibility.