Middle Scots
Introduction
Middle Scots is a historical stage of the Scots language, which was spoken in Scotland from approximately the late 15th century to the early 18th century. It represents a transitional phase between Early Scots and Modern Scots, reflecting significant linguistic, cultural, and political changes in Scotland during this period. Middle Scots is characterized by its distinct phonological, grammatical, and lexical features, which evolved under the influence of various factors, including the Renaissance, the Reformation, and increased contact with English.
Historical Context
The emergence of Middle Scots coincides with a period of profound transformation in Scotland. The late 15th century marked the end of the medieval period and the beginning of the Renaissance, which brought new ideas and cultural influences from continental Europe. The Reformation, initiated in the early 16th century, further altered the linguistic landscape by promoting the use of vernacular languages in religious and educational contexts. Additionally, the political union of the crowns of Scotland and England in 1603 under James VI and I fostered closer ties between the two countries, influencing the development of Scots.
Linguistic Features
Phonology
Middle Scots phonology is characterized by several distinctive features. The vowel system underwent significant changes, including the Great Vowel Shift, which affected the pronunciation of long vowels. Consonantal changes included the loss of certain sounds, such as the initial /h/ in some words, and the simplification of consonant clusters. These phonological shifts contributed to the divergence of Scots from other Germanic languages.
Grammar
The grammar of Middle Scots exhibits both continuity and change from its predecessors. The language retained many features of Old English and Old Norse, such as strong and weak verb conjugations and the use of grammatical gender. However, it also developed unique characteristics, such as the use of the definite article "the" with proper nouns and the simplification of noun declensions. The influence of Latin, particularly in legal and religious texts, is evident in the syntax and vocabulary of Middle Scots.
Lexicon
The lexicon of Middle Scots reflects the diverse influences on the language during this period. Borrowings from Latin, French, and Dutch are common, reflecting Scotland's trade and cultural connections with Europe. The Reformation introduced a wealth of religious vocabulary, while the Renaissance brought new terms related to science, art, and literature. Additionally, the increasing contact with English led to the incorporation of English words and phrases, particularly in the domains of governance and law.
Literary Contributions
Middle Scots is notable for its rich literary tradition, which includes a wide range of genres and styles. The period saw the production of significant works in poetry, prose, and drama, often reflecting the social and political issues of the time.
Poetry
Middle Scots poetry is renowned for its diversity and innovation. Poets such as Robert Henryson, William Dunbar, and Gavin Douglas are celebrated for their contributions to the Scottish literary canon. Their works often explore themes of morality, love, and politics, employing a variety of forms, including allegory, satire, and courtly romance. The use of vernacular Scots allowed poets to reach a broader audience and express distinctly Scottish perspectives.
Prose
Prose writing in Middle Scots includes historical chronicles, religious texts, and translations of classical works. The Scots Chronicle by John Bellenden and the translation of Virgil's Aeneid by Gavin Douglas are notable examples of the period's prose literature. These works demonstrate the adaptability of Middle Scots for conveying complex ideas and narratives, as well as the influence of Latin and classical models on Scottish writers.
Drama
The dramatic tradition in Middle Scots is less well-documented than poetry and prose, but it played a significant role in the cultural life of the period. Religious plays, known as mystery plays, were performed in towns and villages, often during festivals and public celebrations. These performances served both educational and entertainment purposes, reinforcing religious teachings and community values.
Sociolinguistic Aspects
The use of Middle Scots was influenced by various sociolinguistic factors, including social class, education, and regional variation. The language was primarily spoken by the nobility and educated classes, who used it in official and literary contexts. However, it was also the vernacular of the common people, who spoke regional dialects that exhibited considerable variation in pronunciation and vocabulary.
Regional Variation
Regional variation in Middle Scots was pronounced, with distinct dialects emerging in different parts of Scotland. These dialects reflected the geographical, cultural, and historical diversity of the country. For example, the dialects of the Lowlands were influenced by contact with English, while those of the Highlands retained more features of Gaelic.
Language and Identity
Language played a crucial role in shaping Scottish identity during the Middle Scots period. The use of Scots in literature, law, and government reinforced a sense of national distinctiveness, even as political and cultural ties with England grew stronger. The language was a marker of social status and education, with proficiency in Scots often associated with the elite and educated classes.
Decline and Legacy
The decline of Middle Scots began in the late 17th century, as English increasingly became the language of government, education, and commerce. The Acts of Union 1707, which united the parliaments of Scotland and England, accelerated this process by promoting the use of English in official contexts. Despite this decline, Middle Scots left a lasting legacy on the Scots language and Scottish culture.
Influence on Modern Scots
Middle Scots had a profound impact on the development of Modern Scots, shaping its phonology, grammar, and vocabulary. Many features of Middle Scots, such as its distinctive vowel sounds and grammatical structures, are preserved in contemporary Scots dialects. The literary tradition established during the Middle Scots period also continues to influence Scottish literature and cultural identity.
Preservation and Revitalization
Efforts to preserve and revitalize Scots have gained momentum in recent years, with initiatives to promote the language in education, media, and public life. Middle Scots is an important part of this heritage, providing a historical foundation for understanding the evolution of Scots and its role in Scottish society.