Frank Murphy
Early Life and Education
Frank Murphy, born William Francis Murphy on April 13, 1890, in Harbor Beach, Michigan, was a prominent American jurist and politician. His early life was shaped by his Irish Catholic heritage and the values instilled by his parents, John T. Murphy, a lawyer and politician, and Mary Brennan Murphy. Frank Murphy's education began at the University of Michigan, where he earned his Bachelor of Arts degree in 1912. He continued his studies at the University of Michigan Law School, receiving his law degree in 1914. During his time at university, Murphy was known for his keen intellect and interest in social justice issues, which would later define his career.
Military Service and Early Career
Murphy's career was temporarily interrupted by World War I, during which he served in the United States Army. He was commissioned as a first lieutenant and later promoted to captain, serving in France with the American Expeditionary Forces. After the war, Murphy returned to Michigan and began practicing law in Detroit. His legal career was marked by a commitment to civil rights and social justice, themes that would persist throughout his life.
Political Career
Mayor of Detroit
In 1930, Frank Murphy was elected as the Mayor of Detroit, a position he held until 1933. His tenure as mayor was characterized by his efforts to combat the effects of the Great Depression. Murphy implemented various relief programs to assist the unemployed and impoverished citizens of Detroit. He was known for his progressive policies and his ability to connect with the city's diverse population.
Governor-General of the Philippines
In 1933, President Franklin D. Roosevelt appointed Murphy as the Governor-General of the Philippines, a position he held until 1935. During his time in the Philippines, Murphy worked to promote economic development and improve the welfare of the Filipino people. He was instrumental in the transition of the Philippines from an American colony to a Commonwealth, laying the groundwork for eventual independence.
Governor of Michigan
In 1936, Murphy returned to the United States and was elected as the Governor of Michigan. His administration focused on labor rights, education reform, and social welfare programs. Murphy was a staunch supporter of the labor movement and played a crucial role in mediating the Flint Sit-Down Strike of 1936-1937, which was a pivotal event in the history of American labor relations.
U.S. Attorney General
In 1939, President Roosevelt appointed Murphy as the United States Attorney General. In this role, Murphy continued his advocacy for civil rights and social justice. He established the Civil Rights Section within the Department of Justice, which was a significant step towards addressing racial discrimination and protecting the civil liberties of minority groups.
Supreme Court Justice
In 1940, Murphy was appointed as an Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court, where he served until his death in 1949. As a Supreme Court Justice, Murphy was known for his liberal views and his commitment to civil rights. He authored several landmark opinions, including his dissent in the case of Korematsu v. United States, where he condemned the internment of Japanese Americans during World War II as a violation of civil liberties.
Legacy and Impact
Frank Murphy's legacy is marked by his unwavering commitment to justice and equality. His work in various capacities—whether as a mayor, governor, attorney general, or Supreme Court justice—demonstrated a consistent dedication to the principles of fairness and human rights. Murphy's influence extended beyond his lifetime, as his legal opinions and policies continued to shape American jurisprudence and civil rights law.