Good Parliament
Overview
The term "Good Parliament" refers to the English Parliament of 1376, which is notable for its attempts to reform the government and address grievances against the administration of King Edward III. This session of Parliament is distinguished by its assertive stance against corruption and maladministration, as well as its pioneering use of impeachment as a tool for accountability. The Good Parliament convened during a period of political tension and economic difficulty, exacerbated by the ongoing Hundred Years' War and the aftermath of the Black Death. This article explores the historical context, key events, and lasting impact of the Good Parliament.
Historical Context
Political Climate
The Good Parliament took place during the later years of Edward III's reign, a time marked by declining royal authority and increasing influence of the king's inner circle, known as the "court party." Edward III's earlier successes in the Hundred Years' War had waned, leading to military setbacks and financial strain. The king's reliance on unpopular advisors, such as William Latimer and Alice Perrers, fueled discontent among the nobility and commons alike. This dissatisfaction set the stage for the assertive actions taken by the Good Parliament.
Economic Conditions
The economic backdrop of the Good Parliament was characterized by hardship and instability. The Black Death, which had swept through England in the mid-14th century, resulted in a significant population decline, labor shortages, and social upheaval. The financial demands of the Hundred Years' War further strained the economy, leading to increased taxation and widespread discontent. These economic pressures contributed to the grievances voiced during the Good Parliament.
Key Events of the Good Parliament
Opening of Parliament
The Good Parliament convened in April 1376, with representatives from both the House of Commons and the House of Lords in attendance. The session was presided over by Edward III's son, John of Gaunt, who played a significant role in the proceedings. From the outset, the Commons demonstrated an unprecedented level of assertiveness, demanding redress for their grievances and accountability from the king's advisors.
Impeachment Proceedings
One of the most significant actions taken by the Good Parliament was the initiation of impeachment proceedings against several of Edward III's closest advisors. This marked the first recorded use of impeachment in English history. The Commons accused William Latimer, Richard Lyons, and other officials of corruption, embezzlement, and abuse of power. The Lords, acting as judges, found these officials guilty, resulting in their removal from office and, in some cases, imprisonment.
Role of Alice Perrers
Alice Perrers, the king's mistress, was a central figure in the controversies addressed by the Good Parliament. Her influence over Edward III and involvement in court affairs were sources of considerable resentment. The Commons accused her of manipulating the king for personal gain and undermining the administration of justice. As a result, the Parliament passed an ordinance banning her from court and confiscating her property.
Reform Efforts
In addition to addressing specific grievances, the Good Parliament sought broader reforms to improve governance and accountability. The Commons proposed measures to enhance the oversight of royal finances, limit the influence of unpopular advisors, and ensure the fair administration of justice. Although many of these reforms were not fully implemented, they set a precedent for future parliamentary action.
Aftermath and Impact
Short-Term Consequences
Despite its initial successes, the Good Parliament's achievements were short-lived. Following the death of Edward III's heir, the Black Prince, in June 1376, John of Gaunt regained control of the government. He quickly reversed many of the Parliament's decisions, reinstating dismissed officials and nullifying reforms. Alice Perrers returned to court, and the influence of the court party was restored.
Long-Term Significance
The Good Parliament's legacy lies in its pioneering use of impeachment and its assertion of parliamentary authority. Although its immediate impact was limited, it set important precedents for the role of Parliament in holding the monarchy accountable. The principles established during the Good Parliament would later be invoked during periods of political reform and conflict, such as the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution.