United Nations Convention Against Corruption
Overview
The United Nations Convention Against Corruption (UNCAC) is a multilateral treaty negotiated by members of the United Nations (UN). It was adopted by the UN General Assembly on 31 October 2003 and came into effect on 14 December 2005. The convention is comprehensive in nature, covering a wide range of issues related to corruption, including prevention, criminalization, international cooperation, and asset recovery.
Background
The need for a global instrument to combat corruption was recognized by the international community in the late 20th century. The UN, being the largest and most comprehensive international organization, took the initiative to develop a convention that would address corruption on a global scale. The UNCAC was the result of years of negotiations and represents a significant step forward in the global fight against corruption.
Objectives
The UNCAC has several key objectives. Firstly, it aims to promote and strengthen measures to prevent and combat corruption more efficiently and effectively. Secondly, it seeks to promote, facilitate and support international cooperation and technical assistance in the prevention of and fight against corruption. Thirdly, it aims to promote integrity, accountability and proper management of public affairs and public property.
Provisions
The UNCAC contains eight chapters and 71 articles, making it the most comprehensive anti-corruption convention to date. The convention covers a wide range of corruption offenses, including bribery, embezzlement, trading in influence, abuse of functions, and illicit enrichment.
Implementation
The implementation of the UNCAC is monitored by the Conference of the States Parties to the United Nations Convention against Corruption, which meets biennially. The convention also established a mechanism for the review of implementation, which is carried out by the Implementation Review Group.
Impact
The UNCAC has had a significant impact on the global fight against corruption. It has led to the adoption of anti-corruption laws in many countries and has facilitated international cooperation in the investigation and prosecution of corruption offenses.
Criticisms
Despite its achievements, the UNCAC has also faced criticism. Some critics argue that the convention lacks enforcement mechanisms and that its implementation has been uneven. Others have raised concerns about the lack of transparency in the review process and the limited involvement of civil society in the implementation of the convention.