Livelihood

Overview

A livelihood refers to the means by which an individual or a group sustains their existence materially. This typically involves activities, entitlements, and assets that are used for making a living. Livelihood is not just about the 'job' or 'work' that someone does, but it encompasses all the different ways that individuals or households sustain their lives and meet their basic needs. Sustainable livelihoods are those that are resilient in the face of shocks and stresses, and that do not undermine the natural resource base.

A group of people engaged in various activities such as farming, fishing, and trading, signifying different forms of livelihood.

A group of people engaged in various activities such as farming, fishing, and trading, signifying different forms of livelihood.

Types of Livelihood

There are various types of livelihoods, and these are often categorized based on the primary economic activity involved. Some of the common types include:

Agricultural Livelihood

Agricultural livelihood involves activities related to farming and animal husbandry. This includes crop cultivation, livestock rearing, dairy farming, poultry farming, and other related activities. Agricultural livelihood is common in rural areas where the majority of the population relies on farming for sustenance.

Non-Agricultural Livelihood

Non-agricultural livelihood involves activities that are not directly related to farming or animal husbandry. This includes activities such as trading, craftsmanship, service provision, and other forms of self-employment. Non-agricultural livelihoods are common in both urban and rural settings.

Formal Employment

Formal employment refers to jobs that are recognized by the government, where the employer and employee have a formal agreement, and the employee is entitled to certain benefits such as health insurance, pension, and paid leave.

Informal Employment

Informal employment refers to jobs that are not recognized by the government, and where there is no formal agreement between the employer and employee. Informal jobs are often characterized by low wages, lack of job security, and absence of benefits.

Factors Influencing Livelihood Choices

Several factors influence the choice of livelihood. These include:

Socio-Economic Factors

Socio-economic factors such as education, skills, and social status influence livelihood choices. For instance, individuals with higher education and skills are more likely to secure formal employment.

Geographical Factors

Geographical factors such as location and availability of natural resources also influence livelihood choices. For instance, individuals living in coastal areas are more likely to engage in fishing as a livelihood.

Cultural Factors

Cultural factors such as traditions, norms, and values also influence livelihood choices. For instance, in some cultures, certain livelihoods are considered more prestigious than others.

Livelihood Strategies

Livelihood strategies refer to the range and combination of activities and choices that people make in order to achieve their livelihood goals. These strategies can be broadly classified into three categories:

Survival Strategies

Survival strategies are adopted by individuals or households that are struggling to meet their basic needs. These strategies may involve engaging in low-paying jobs, relying on social support, or even migrating in search of better opportunities.

Accumulation Strategies

Accumulation strategies are adopted by individuals or households that are aiming to increase their wealth and improve their living standards. These strategies may involve investing in education or skills training, starting a business, or diversifying income sources.

Adaptation Strategies

Adaptation strategies are adopted by individuals or households in response to changes in their environment or circumstances. These strategies may involve switching livelihoods, adopting new technologies, or migrating to a different location.

Challenges to Livelihood

There are several challenges that individuals and communities face in pursuing their livelihoods. These include:

Economic Challenges

Economic challenges such as lack of access to capital, low wages, and job insecurity can hinder individuals from pursuing their preferred livelihoods.

Environmental Challenges

Environmental challenges such as climate change, natural disasters, and depletion of natural resources can threaten the sustainability of livelihoods, especially those that rely heavily on natural resources.

Social Challenges

Social challenges such as discrimination, social exclusion, and lack of social support can also pose challenges to livelihoods.

Livelihood Interventions

Livelihood interventions refer to programs or initiatives that aim to improve livelihood outcomes for individuals or communities. These interventions can be broadly classified into three categories:

Livelihood Promotion

Livelihood promotion interventions aim to enhance income-generating capacities of individuals or communities. This may involve providing skills training, access to capital, or market linkages.

Livelihood Protection

Livelihood protection interventions aim to prevent individuals or communities from falling into poverty. This may involve providing social protection measures such as cash transfers, food aid, or health insurance.

Livelihood Transformation

Livelihood transformation interventions aim to bring about structural changes in the livelihood systems of individuals or communities. This may involve promoting sustainable practices, enhancing resilience to shocks and stresses, or advocating for policy changes.

See Also

• Sustainable livelihood
• Informal economy
• Social protection